![]() The foraging and homing behaviour of individual workers is partially analysed. bispinosa uses another substance for its trails. Curiously, the Dufour's gland secretion of the dolichoderine species Monacis bispinosa causes a full response in saevissima workers, but M. molesta and members of other myrmicine genera tested also do not share the saevissima trail substances. ![]() The secretions of saevissima and xyloni are more interchangeable but appear to differ somewhat. xyloni, it was found that the geminata secretion is certainly different from that of the other two species. ![]() In transposition experiments utilizing the fire ant species Solenopsis saevissima, S. The trail substance is highly species-specific. The more desirable the food find, the higher the percentage of positive responses, the more the trail substance presented to the colony, and hence the more the newcomer ants that emerge from the nest. Quality is communicated by means of an “electorate” mass response, in which individuals choose whether to lay trails after inspecting the food find. Quantity of food is communicated in the mass response by means of the negative feedback control of build-up just described. Trail-laying, as measured by the extrusion of the sting, is an all-or-none response of individual workers hence individual trails do not communicate quantity or quality of the food find. ![]() The lag is measurable in the “overshoot” of numbers of approaching workers and is a function of the distance of the food mass from the nest. But the nature of the communication requires that the feed-back system have a lag of up to several minutes. As a result, the number of workers at food masses tends to stabilize at a level which is a function of the area of the food mass. The build-up decelerates towards a limit as workers become crowded on the food mass because (1) workers unable to reach the mass turn back without laying trails, and (2) the trail deposits of single workers evaporate within a few minutes. The initial build-up of workers at food masses is exponential. No other stimuli are required to induce this behaviour. The secretion is a powerful attractant, which excites workers and draws them out of the nest in the direction indicated by the trail. Recruitment in mass foraging is organized almost exclusively by the use of the trail substance, which is secreted by Dufpur's gland and released through the extruded sting. Finally, open research challenges, such as the development of network components, molecular communication theory, and the development of new architectures and protocols, are presented which need to be solved in order to pave the way for the development and deployment of nanonetworks within the next couple of decades.read more read lessĪbstract: 1. Furthermore, nanonetworks for short-range communication based on calcium signaling and molecular motors as well as for long-range communication based on pheromones are explained in detail. Also some interesting and important applications for nanonetworks are highlighted to motivate the communication needs between the nano-machines. Moreover, nanonetworks features and components are explained and compared with traditional communication networks. In this paper, first the state-of-the-art in nano-machines, including architectural aspects, expected features of future nano-machines, and current developments are presented for a better understanding of nanonetwork scenarios. The use of molecules, instead of electromagnetic or acoustic waves, to encode and transmit the information represents a new communication paradigm that demands novel solutions such as molecular transceivers, channel models or protocols for nanonetworks. Traditional communication technologies are not suitable for nanonetworks mainly due to the size and power consumption of transceivers, receivers and other components. i.e., the interconnection of nano-machines are expected to expand the capabilities of single nano-machines by allowing them to cooperate and share information. Nano-machines are tiny components consisting of an arranged set of molecules, which are able to perform very simple tasks. At nano-scale, a nano-machine can be considered as the most basic functional unit. ![]() Abstract: Nanotechnologies promise new solutions for several applications in biomedical, industrial and military fields. ![]()
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